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Essential Features of Russian Presidential Election and Their Causes
basing on the process andoutcome of the third presidential election since 1991; the article generalizes the basic features of the russian presidential election in the transitional period. they are as follows: the predominant factor of political power in the course of the competitive election plus limited role for the political parties; with the candidates personal charm and the polls orientation playing an impacting role. on the basis of making concrete analysis of all factors in the russian presidential election (including state political power; election system and political party polls); the article expounds the main causes of these basic features. meanwhile; in combination with the new special features of russian political development during the putin period; the article outlines the development channel for the democratic operation mechanism of future russian presidential elections.
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A Dynamic Comparison of the Transitional Effects in Russia and Poland
russia and poland aretwo typical transitional countries. they launched the transition by the shock method one after the other; but formed a curve line indicating different transitional effects. this reveals that the pure application of a transitional mode can not effectively explain the cause of the different effects in transition. from the connotation of a transition; we hold that the particularity of transition finds expression in integrity; self - consciousness; severity and the protracted character. it is also embodied in the unity of system evolution and system construction. in the process of such particular system change; the progress of system change does not only find expression in the change of system arrangement; but also in the construction of the system environment. it is constrained by the cohesive extent of the system arrangement and system environment; or in other words; by the composite behavior capacity of the new system structure. therefore there are actually three main variables behind the dynamic change of transition effects; namely; the social economic condition; the system arrangement and the system environment. the laws governing their evolution combined with the reform measures are the predominant factors determining the separate condition of these three factors in different periods; especially their interrelationships; and further determining the transitional effects.
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Analysis of Russia's Brain Drain
the last decade or more has witnessed a severe brain drainfrom the russian science and technology and higher education circles. such a phenomenon is of course closely connected with the political instability; the once abrupt economic recession and social disturbances in russia. it was also due to the serious russian policy deviations in the state science and technology and higher education areas. through listing the concrete examples in the brain drain phenomenon ; the article expounds and analyzes the scale; reasons and bad consequences of the brain drain during the past decade or so.
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